【编辑推荐】2024年3期科研论文、新能源

李涛,柳伟^∗,邵琛琛,李清萍

(中国海洋大学材料科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266100)

摘要：本文作者通过两步电沉积法制备了具有较好倍率性能和循环稳定性的过渡金属硫化物/氢氧化物异质结构复合电极。首先，在碳布基底上电沉积了一层均匀的镍层，优化了活性物质与碳布之间的附着效果，从而提升了电极的导电性和机械稳定性。随后，在Zn(NO₃)₂·7H₂O的硫代乙酰胺溶液中进行二次电沉积。通过两步电沉积法，在镍层表面形成了掺杂Zn²⁺的硫化物/氢氧化物异质结构（NCS-Zn-2）。这种复合材料在1A/g的电流下展示了2703F/g的高比电容，并且能够在150 A/g的高电流下保持40.8%的比电容，证明了其优良的快速充放电能力。以NCS-Zn-2为正极，活性炭为负极，应用于1.6 V的水系不对称超级电容器中，在794 W/kg的高比功率下展现了79.9W·h/kg的高比能量。以20A/g电流在0~1.6V循环20 000 次，该电极的电容保持率高达98.7%，显示了较好的循环稳定性。

The performance of Zn²⁺ doped sulfide / hydroxide heterogeneous structure

LI Tao,LIU Wei ^∗ ,SHAO Chenchen,LI Qingping

(School of Material Science and Engineering,Ocean University of China,Qingdao,Shandong 266100,China)

Abstract：Transition metal sulfide/hydroxide heterogeneous structure composite electrodes with good rate capability and cycle stability are prepared by a two-step electrodeposition method. Firstly, a uniform nickel layer is electrodeposited on a carbon cloth substrate to optimize the adhesion effect between the active substance and the carbon cloth, thus enhancing the conductivity and mechanical stability of the electrode. Subsequently, secondary electrodeposition is carried out in a thioacetamide solution of Zn(NO₃)₂·7H₂O. A Zn²⁺ doped sulfide/hydroxide heterogeneous structure (NCS-Zn-2) is formed on the surface of the nickel layer by the two-step electrodeposition method. This composite demonstrates a high specific capacitance of up to 2 703 F/g at a current of 1 A/g and is able to maintain a specific capacitance of 40.8% at a high current of 150 A/g, proving its good fast charging and discharging capabilities. Using NCS-Zn-2 as the cathode and activated carbon as the anode in a 1.6 V aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor, a high specific energy of 79.9 W·h/kg is demonstrated at a high specific power of 794 W/kg. The capacitance retention of the electrode is as high as 98.7% after 20 000 cycles in 0-1.6 V at 20 A/g, demonstrating its good cycle stability.

蔡永华^1,2,3,4∗ ,罗子贤^1,2,3,4 ,胡健平^1,2,3,4

(1. 武汉理工大学现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430070; 2. 汽车零部件技术湖北省协同创新中心,湖北武汉 430070; 3. 新能源与智能网联车湖北省工程技术研究中心,湖北武汉 430070; 4. 武汉理工大学汽车工程学院,湖北武汉 430070)

摘要：本文作者设计了阴极流道侧壁布置斜挡板的质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）模型，对电池内部压力、氧气浓度和水浓度的分布进行分析。探讨斜挡板的布置方式、堵塞率和夹角对燃料电池性能的影响，并考虑了与反应气体供应相关的泵送功率因素，以最大化燃料电池的净功率输出。

首先，研究挡板布置方式对电池性能的影响，分别建立了阴极侧边挡板的布置方式为无挡板、对置布置和交错布置的单直流道模型，挡板堵塞率均为90%。各模型的极化曲线和净功率密度曲线如图1所示。数据表明，在PEMFC阴极流道侧边安装挡板，可提高电池净功率密度并拓宽电流密度范围，且交错布置的安装方案对电池性能提升的幅度更大，交错模型和对置模型的最大净功率密度较无挡板模型分别提升了13.74%和10.64%。

然后，在阴极流道挡板布置方式选取交错布置的基础上，分别建立堵塞率为50%、70%、90%和95%的单直流道电池模型，与无挡板模型进行对比。不同挡板堵塞率下电池模型的极化曲线和净功率密度曲线如图2所示，由图可知，挡板堵塞率越高，电池性能提升越明显。其中，95%堵塞率模型的净功率密度最高，为1.053 W/cm²，较无挡板模型提升了14.58%，且直到电流密度提升至2.8 A/cm²时，仍未出现明显的浓差极化。这说明提高挡板堵塞率，不仅能实现更高的净功率密度，还能拓宽极限电流密度。

最后，选用堵塞率为95%的挡板交错布置在阴极流道两侧，研究挡板与水平方向的夹角对模型的影响。建立挡板夹角为15°、30°、45°和60°的模型，与未安装挡板的直流道模型作对比。不同挡板夹角下电池模型的极化曲线和净功率密度曲线如图3所示，由图可知，电池的净功率密度与夹角角度并非正相关关系，净功率峰值由高到低排列依次为：15°夹角模型、30°夹角模型、60°夹角模型、45°夹角模型、无挡板模型。

综上所述，当流道内以交错安装的方式布置挡板，挡板堵塞率为95%，夹角为15°时，电池性能最佳，该模型的最大净功率密度较无挡板的直流道模型提升了约14.53%。

Effect of flow fields with horizontal baffle on performance and mass transport of fuel cells

CAI Yonghua ^1,2,3,4∗ ,LUO Zixian ^1,2,3,4 ,HU Jianping ^1,2,3,4

(1. Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan,Hubei 430070,China; 2. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology,Wuhan,Hubei 430070, China; 3. Hubei Technology Research Center of New Energy and Intelligent Connected Vehicle Engineering,Wuhan,Hubei 430070,China; 4. School of Automotive Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan,Hubei 430070,China)

Abstract：A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model with oblique baffles arranged on the sidewalls of the cathode flow channel is studied, and the distribution of internal pressure, oxygen concentration, and water concentration is analyzed. The effects of baffle arrangement, blockage ratio, and angular orientation on fuel cell performance are investigated, considering the pumping power associated with the supply of reactant gases to maximize the net power output of the fuel cell.

Initially, the impact of baffle arrangement on cell performance is studied by establishing single straight channel models with cathode side baffles arranged in no-baffle, opposed, and staggered configurations, all with a 90% blockage ratio. The polarization curves and net power density curves of each model are shown in Fig.1. The data indicate that installing baffles on the sidewalls of the PEMFC cathode channel can enhance the net power density and broaden the range of current densities, with the staggered arrangement offering a greater improvement in performance, increasing the maximum net power density by 13.74% and 10.64% for the staggered and opposed models respectively, compared to the no-baffle model.

Subsequently, based on selecting the staggered arrangement for the cathode channel baffles, single straight channel cell models with blockage ratios of 50%, 70%, 90%, and 95% are established and compared to the no-baffle model. The polarization curves and net power density curves of the different baffle blockage ratios are depicted in Fig.2, showing that higher blockage ratios lead to more significant performance enhancements. Among these, the 95% blockage ratio model achieves the highest net power density of 1.053 W/cm², which is a 14.58% increase compared to the no-baffle model, and it maintains high performance up to a current density of 2.8 A/cm² without significant concentration polarization. This suggests that a higher blockage ratio not only achieves higher net power densities but also extends the limit of current density.

Finally, a 95% blockage ratio with baffles staggered on both sides of the cathode channel is chosen to study the impact of the angle between the baffles and the horizontal direction. Models with baffle angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° are established and compared to a straight channel model without baffles. The polarization curves and net power density curves of the different baffle angles are shown in Fig.3, indicating that the net power density of the cell is not directly correlated with the angle of the baffles. The net power peaks, from highest to lowest, are arranged as follows: 15° angle model, 30° angle model, 60° angle model, 45° angle model, and no-baffle model.

In summary, the best cell performance is achieved when baffles are staggered in the flow channel with a 95% blockage ratio and a 15° angle, with the maximum net power density of this model increasing by approximately 14.53% compared to the straight channel model without baffles.

吕高¹ ,樊郭宇¹ ,张嘉蕾^1∗ ,杜君莉² ,史书怀²

(1. 山西大学电力与建筑学院,山西
太原 030000; 2. 国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院,河南
郑州 450000)

摘要：在当前的社会环境下，锂离子电池广泛应用于各个行业，尤其是在无污染、质量轻的新能源电动车领域。对锂离子电池荷电状态（SOC）的精确估计，对提升电池的使用效率和性能有重要的意义。本文作者围绕锂离子电池SOC的估计算法展开研究，进行了如下工作。

现有SOC的估计方法中仅仅加入了温度校正系数，无法得知温度对电池内部各参数的影响，而电池参数的改变又会影响SOC估计的准确度。针对此问题，考虑了温度变化对电池内部参数影响，提出了一种考虑温度的滑模观测法（SMO）进行SOC估计。基于混合脉冲功率特性测试（HPPC）实验得到的详细数据，得到18650型LiFePO₄锂离子电池的SOC与温度、参数之间的拟合式，并进行了不同温度条件下的参数辨识。最后，通过台风（Typhoon）系统进行半实物实验分析，结果如图1和图2所示。温度自适应SMO算法在低温或常温工况下的平均误差较传统SMO算法降低了0.3~0.5个百分点。直接通过拟合式所快速估计的SOC较温度自适应SMO算法平均误差在2%左右，常温25 ℃工况下误差低于1%，能够实现较高的估计精准度，为快速估计SOC提供了较好的算法参考。

SOC estimation for Li-ion battery used by temperature adaptive SMO algorithm

LYU Gao ¹ ,FAN Guoyu¹ ,ZHANG Jialei ^1∗ ,DU Junli ²,SHI Shuhuai ²

(1. School of Electric Power and Architecture,Shanxi University,Taiyuan,Shanxi 030000,China; 2. Electric Power Science Research Institute,State Grid Henan Electric Power Company,Zhengzhou,Henan 450000,China)

Abstract：In the current social environment, Li-ion batteries are widely used in various industries, especially in the field of pollution-free and lightweight new energy electric vehicles. Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of Li-ion batteries is of great significance for improving their efficiency and performance. This article focuses on the estimation algorithm of SOC for Li-ion batteries and conducts the following work.

The existing methods for estimating SOC only include temperature correction coefficients, which cannot determine the impact of temperature on various internal parameters of the battery, and changes in battery parameters can affect the accuracy of SOC estimation. In response to this issue, the influence of temperature changes on the internal parameters of the battery is considered, and a sliding mode observer (SMO) method considering temperature is proposed for SOC estimation. Based on the detailed data obtained from the hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) experiment, a fitting equation is obtained between the SOC of 18650 type LiFePO₄ Li-ion battery and temperature, parameters, and parameter identification is carried out under different temperature conditions. Finally, a semi-physical experimental analysis is conducted using the Typhoon system, and the results are shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2. The average error of the temperature adaptive SMO algorithm under low or normal temperature conditions is reduced by 0.3-0.5 percentage points compared to traditional SMO algorithms. The average error of SOC estimated directly through the fitting equation is about 2% compared to the temperature adaptive SMO algorithm, and the error is less than 1% at room temperature of 25 ℃, which can achieve high estimation accuracy and provide a good algorithm reference for quickly estimating SOC.

图1 低温下SOC实验结果

Fig.1 Results of state of charge (SOC) experiment at low temperatures

图2 常温下SOC实验结果

Fig.2 Results of SOC experiment at room

李锦满¹ ,李儒欢¹ ,李浩南¹ ,李存鑫¹ ,邱子桐¹ ,郭凯² ,吴锴¹ ,周峻^1∗

(1. 西安交通大学电气工程学院,陕西
西安 710049; 2. 国网山东省电力科学研究院,山东
济南 250003)

摘要：在电动汽车和储能系统中，电池管理系统（BMS）对于确保电池系统的安全性和可靠性至关重要。BMS的一个核心功能是对动力电池的荷电状态（SOC）和健康状态（SOH）进行准确评估。SOC和SOH的准确预测对于电动汽车电池系统的安全运行至关重要。传统的卡尔曼滤波（KF）算法虽然广泛应用于动力电池状态估计，但存在显著的非线性误差。为了解决这一问题，本文作者提出了一种基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）的算法，用于实现对动力电池状态的更准确估计。首先，分析了动力电池实验数据，建立了一阶Thevenin等效电路模型，该模型的拟合优度达到了0.992，能够较好地反映电池的内部特性。随后，通过加入容量衰退机制，模拟了锂离子电池的老化过程，并采用恒流充电和随机放电循环来模拟电池在实际使用中的工况。在不同的初始条件及循环次数下，利用UKF算法对SOC和SOH进行了估计，结果显示在所有测试中，估计的均方根误差（RMSE）均小于0.01，并且随着电池循环次数的增加，估计误差呈现逐渐减小的趋势。这表明UKF算法不仅能够提供准确的SOC和SOH估计，而且还具有很好的鲁棒性。为了验证UKF算法的有效性，还将其与传统的安时积分法进行了比较。结果表明，安时积分法随着电池循环次数的增加，其估计误差会不断累积，而UKF算法则能够持续提供稳定的估计性能，即使在多次循环后，估计误差也未见明显增加。

State estimation for power battery based on unscented Kalman filter

LI Jinman ¹ ,LI Ruhuan ¹,LI Haonan ¹ ,LI Cunxin ¹ ,QIU Zitong ¹ , GUO Kai ² ,WU Kai ¹ ,ZHOU Jun ^1∗

(1. Department of Electrical Engineering,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an,Shaanxi 710049,China; 2. Shandong Electric Power Research Institute,Jinan,Shandong 250003,China)

Abstract: In electric vehicles and energy storage systems, the battery management system (BMS) is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of the battery system. One core function of the BMS is to accurately assess the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the power battery. Accurate prediction of SOC and SOH is essential for the safe operation of electric vehicle battery systems. Although the traditional Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm is widely used for power battery state estimation, it suffers from significant nonlinear errors. To address this issue, an algorithm based on the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) to achieve a more accurate estimation of the power battery state is proposed. Firstly, experimental data of power batteries is analyzed, and a first-order Thevenin equivalent circuit model is established, which achieves a goodness of fit of 0.992, effectively reflecting the internal characteristics of the battery. Then, by incorporating a capacity decay mechanism, the aging process of Li-ion batteries is simulated. Constant current charging and random discharge cycles are used to simulate the actual operating conditions of the battery. Under different initial conditions and cycle numbers, the UKF algorithm is used to estimate SOC and SOH. The results show that in all tests, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimates is less than 0.01, and the estimation error decreases gradually with the increase in battery cycle times. It indicates that the UKF algorithm not only provides accurate SOC and SOH estimates but also has good robustness. To validate the effectiveness of the UKF algorithm, it is also compared with the traditional Ampere-hour integration method. The results show that with the increase in battery cycle times, the estimation error of the Ampere-hour integration method continues to accumulate, while the UKF algorithm consistently provides stable estimation performance, with no significant increase in estimation error even after multiple cycles.